FH3a -  Marriage 

Marriage is a legally and socially recognised union between two people that establishes rights and obligations between them, their children (if any), and wider society. Marriage remains important but has undergone major transformation. While rates have declined, the meaning and purpose of marriage have evolved.

Changing Expectations

  • Emotional fulfilment and personal happiness now drive relationships.

  • Giddens’ “pure relationship” – maintained only as long as it satisfies both partners.

  • People are less willing to marry unless they feel emotionally secure.

  • Marriage seen as optional, not compulsory.

  • Divorce and separation are more socially acceptable.

The Normalisation of Cohabitation

  • Beaujouan and Ni Bhrolchain: Cohabitation has become the “new normal.”

  • Seen as an equally valid and socially accepted form of relationship, especially among younger generations.

Economic and Practical Considerations

  • Rising living costs, student debt, and housing shortages discourage marriage.

  • Weddings are seen as luxury events rather than necessities.

  • Marriage has become a “capstone” event — something to do after achieving financial stability, career goals, and home ownership.

  • Economic insecurity makes long-term marriage commitments less appealing.

Delayed Marriages

  • Average age at first marriage has increased dramatically:

    • 1972 → Men: 28.8, Women: 26.2

    • 2012 → Men: 36.4, Women: 34

  • Reflects new priorities: education, careers, and personal growth before family.

  • Women delay marriage to achieve independence and career stability.

  • Linked to individualisation and self-fulfilment.

Secularisation and the Decline of Religious Weddings

  • Fewer people marry in churches; civil ceremonies now dominate.

  • Marriage is seen as a personal choice, not a moral duty.

  • Religious decline has also reduced stigma around:

    • Cohabitation

    • Single parenthood

    • Same-sex relationships

Impacts of Marriage 

Positive Impacts

  • Feminist view (Coontz): Decline of traditional marriage empowers women to prioritise happiness over obligation.

  • Cohabitation benefits: Couples who live together before marrying often build stronger, more stable marriages.

  • Inclusivity: Greater acceptance of same-sex partnerships and diverse family types.

Negative Impacts

  • New Right: Decline of marriage undermines the nuclear family, leading to instability and weaker moral values.
  • David Morgan: Describes “marriage-lite” cohabitation as lacking long-term commitment and security.
  • Social concerns: Fewer marriages may weaken intergenerational support networks, leading to isolation.